Major Surface Water Resources
Niger State benefits from extensive surface water systems, primarily the Niger River which flows through Shiroro, Mokwa, New Bussa and Wara, supporting major hydropower dams (Kainji and Shiroro) and irrigation schemes. Significant tributaries include the Kaduna River serving Minna and Chanchaga, and the Gurara River which feeds the Gurara Falls. Smaller rivers like Eku and Mariga supplement local water needs. GIS analysis reveals optimal farming zones within 2km of rivers, while areas 2-5km require infrastructure development, and regions beyond 5km depend more on groundwater.

Groundwater Potential and Distribution
The state’s groundwater availability varies by geological formation, with alluvial deposits along major rivers offering high-yield aquifers suitable for shallow wells. The Basement Complex provides moderate yields through fractured rocks, while sedimentary basins in Mokwa and Lapai show good potential. Southern regions benefit from higher rainfall recharge (1,400-1,600mm) compared to northern areas (1,100-1,300mm). Advanced geospatial techniques, including lineament analysis and thematic overlays of soil/slope data, help identify high-potential zones like floodplains and the Bida Basin.

Water Resource Management Technologies
Modern techniques enhance water management capabilities across the state. GIS-based buffer analysis precisely maps surface water accessibility, while NDWI remote sensing monitors seasonal availability changes. Geophysical methods like electrical resistivity surveys accurately locate deep aquifers for borehole drilling. These technologies enable targeted water infrastructure development, particularly valuable in granitic upland areas with naturally lower groundwater potential.

Agricultural Applications and Benefits
Water resources directly support Niger State’s agricultural productivity. Riverine fadama areas enable year-round cultivation of rice, sugarcane and vegetables through irrigation, while dry-season farming in Mokwa and Lavun relies on groundwater. The agricultural sector benefits significantly from understanding spatial water availability patterns, allowing optimal crop selection and irrigation planning based on proximity to reliable water sources.

Livestock Support and Conflict Mitigation
Water resources are equally vital for the state’s livestock sector, particularly in pastoralist zones like Borgu and Mariga. Strategic groundwater mapping helps prevent water scarcity conflicts by identifying sustainable sources for pastoral communities. Ranching projects like the Bobi Grazing Reserve implement integrated water management systems combining surface and groundwater solutions to ensure reliable supply, demonstrating the importance of comprehensive water resource planning for both agricultural and pastoral needs.